Does Science Lead to Atheism?

In an interview with philosopher of science Stephen Meyer some interesting statistics were cited.

Meyer noted that:

65% of professing atheists say that the findings of science make belief in God less probable. For agnostics, that number is in the 40s. 43% say that the findings of science make God less plausible.

And when we gave people a list of factors that were relevant in their decision to reject belief in God, the idea of undirected evolution was cited by 65% of the people who no longer believed in God, more than the number of people who cited pain, suffering, or disease.

Perhaps we might agree that if it could be shown that the universe was infinitely old and had no beginning, if it could be shown that the astonishing precision of the parameters, particles, force strengths, and constants that comprise the fabric of the universe were somehow necessitated by the Big Bang so that they couldn't be otherwise than what they are, if it could be shown that life could plausibly have emerged from non-life through purely natural processes unaided by intelligent agency, then the atheist might have some epistemic justification for his/her rejection of theism.

God might be seen, scientifically at least, as a superfluous hypothesis.

As things stand today, however, all cosmogenic theories posit a beginning to the universe and thus suggest a transcendent cause of the universe.

Also, no evidence exists for any explanation of the astronomical improbabilities of a universe emerging by chance with just the exact values for the forces, constants, subatomic particle properties, etc. that are necessary for a life-sustaining universe.

Moreover, no plausible explanation exists for how the enormous amounts of information required for the first living cell to appear could've come about through any purposeless, unguided process.

Thus, the hypothesis that the universe and life are the product of intentional, intelligent agency is at least as plausible, given the science that we have today, as the hypothesis that it's all a grand fluke.

Indeed, the fact that both fine-tuning and information are always, in our experience, the product of a mind, the existence of both of these in our universe points makes their origin in a mind an even more plausible hypothesis.

I wonder how many of those 65% of non-theists who believed that undirected evolution makes theism untenable are really aware of the science.

I wonder, too, how many of those who know the science still refuse to accept its implications because they simply don't want theism to be true.

A quote from philosopher Thomas Nagel comes to mind. Nagel wrote in his book The Last Word:

I want atheism to be true and am made uneasy by the fact that some of the most intelligent and well-informed people I know are religious believers. It isn't just that I don't believe in God and, naturally, hope that I'm right in my belief. It's that I hope there is no God! I don't want there to be a God; I don't want the universe to be like that.

For men like Nagel, belief in God is not a matter of evidence, it's a matter of one's will.

The Party of Science

Our Democrat friends often fancy themselves as members of the "party of science," waging battle against the forces of ignorance and superstition which they assume to abound on the right.

This charming conceit seems to be regularly refuted by facts but nevertheless persists as though it were impervious to any falsification.

The latest blow to the notion that Democrats are uniquely wedded to the hard realities of science comes in an online poll by WPA Intelligence conducted from August 22nd to the 25th. The poll found that 36% of white, college-educated female Democrats agreed with the statement that "Some men can get pregnant."

Overall, 22% of Democrats concurred.

This is astonishing. Over 1/5 of those who identify as members of the party of science are convinced that men can get pregnant even though such a prodigy has never been known to occur in all of human history, nor has anyone explained how it could occur.

It would be interesting to see the answers had the respondents been asked to outline the science behind their belief.

How, for instance, does a person without a uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries get pregnant? Has any male ever been born with this apparatus or had it transplanted into him? Do the 22% of Democrats think that these appurtenances are unnecessary in order to conceive a child?

Are they so biologically benighted that they think that all that's required for pregnancy is to somehow insert a fertilized egg into someone's abdomen.

The 22% are, in fact, exerting blind faith in an ideology that seeks to take the equality of the sexes to an absurd extreme. If men and women are "equal," the thinking evidently goes, then they're fundamentally the same, and if they're the same what's true of one must be true of the other.

Since it's true of women that they can get pregnant it must also be true of men that, despite the totality of scientific evidence to the contrary, they, too, must be able to get pregnant.QED

This is evidently the logic employed by over 1/5 of the members of the party of science.

I'm reasonably confident that many of these 22% of Democrats who insist that men can somehow, miraculously, conceive a child are secular folks who consider the Christian doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus to be absurd nonsense.

Miracles are apparently permitted in left-wing, secular progressive ideology, but it's completely unscientific and irrational to think that God could miraculously initiate a pregnancy.

It's very disconcerting to reflect on the fact that these people vote.

Update:

The Babylon Bee documents a case of a man who thought he was pregnant. Here's the video:

Understanding Naturalism (Part III)

This is the third and final installment in our series of reflections on Alex Rosenberg's essay entitled The Disillusioned Naturalist's Guide to Reality. Parts I and II can be read below.

In this section Rosenberg argues that naturalism entails that there is no need to posit the existence of a mind distinct from the brain. Mind is simply a word we use to describe the functioning of the brain, just as we use the word digestion to describe the functioning of the stomach.

This claim has some interesting consequences. If all we are is matter and the matter that makes us up is constantly changing, it follows that there is nothing about us that stays the same over time. In the final analysis human beings are reducible to little more than a constantly shifting and changing bundle of perceptions.

Here's Rosenberg:

Nevertheless, if the mind just is the brain (and scientism can’t allow that it is anything else), we have to stop taking consciousness seriously as a source of knowledge or understanding about the mind, or the behavior the brain produces. And we have to stop taking ourselves seriously too.

We have to realize that there is no self, soul or enduring agent, no subject of the first-person pronoun, tracking its interior life while it also tracks much of what is going on around us. This self cannot be the whole body, or its brain, and there is no part of either that qualifies for being the self by way of numerical-identity over time.

There seems to be only one way we make sense of the person whose identity endures over time and over bodily change. This way is by positing a concrete but non-spatial entity with a point of view somewhere behind the eyes and between the ears in the middle of our heads.

Since physics has excluded the existence of anything concrete but non-spatial, and since physics fixes all the facts, we have to give up this last illusion consciousness foists on us.

What are the consequences of denying that there is an enduring self? One consequence is surely the bizarre conclusion that we cannot be said to be the same person today that we were ten years ago. If we are in constant flux then we are a different individual than the one who went by our name in the past.

Now, if this is true it would be unjust to be held responsible for anything that other person did. In the same way that it would be unjust to expect you to keep the promises made by another person, it would be unjust to expect me to keep promises made years ago by a person who had my same name.

Marriage vows, for one example, would become worthless once people realized that it wasn't they who made them.

Furthermore, it would be unjust to punish criminals for a crime committed years ago because the person we're punishing is not the same person who committed the crime.

For those of you familiar with the movie Bourne Identity, we might ask this question: Is Jason Bourne responsible for the murder of that couple he killed in the movie if he has no memory of having killed them? Was it really he who killed them? Rosenberg would be hard pressed to explain how it would have been.

T.S. Eliot puts it like this: "What we know of other people is only our memory of the moments during which we knew them. And they have changed since then....at every meeting we are meeting a stranger."

This seems absurd, to be sure, but it is another of the consequences of naturalism that Rosenberg wants his fellow atheists to recognize and acknowledge. Little wonder that so many atheists are unwilling to stay with him on that metaphysical train all the way to it's logical endpoint.

They can see that the tracks logically terminate at a precipice and that the train is going to plunge over a cliff into the abyss of nihilism, and so, still clutching their naturalism, they jump off Rosenberg's train before it arrives at the cliff.

This is, of course, illogical, but perhaps the most illogical, irrational thing they do after having jumped off the train, after having made a completely arbitrary, unwarranted, and irrational leap in order to avoid hurtling over the cliff to which their logic leads them, they turn and point to the theists, particularly the Christian theists, whose worldview entails none of these problems, and tell them that it is they who have abandoned reason because they chose not to take the train at all.

One can only smile and shake one's head.

Understanding Naturalism (Part II)

This post is Part II (See Part I below) of our look at Alex Rosenberg's paper titled A Disillusioned Naturalist's Guide to Reality. In this section Rosenberg considers whether the universe and life reflect a purposeful design.

In other words, is there any purpose to either the cosmos or to human existence? Rosenberg's answer is, no:

[A]ll of the beautiful suitability of living things to their environment, every case of fit between organism and niche, and all of the intricate meshing of parts into wholes, is just the result of blind causal processes. It’s all just the foresightless play of [atomic particles] producing, in us conspiracy-theorists, the illusion of purpose.

He goes on to tackle the question whether morality can exist in a naturalistic world. He titles the section, Nice Nihilism: The Bad News About Morality and The Good News. I quote from it at length because it's unusual to find such an explicit statement of the consequences for morality entailed by atheistic naturalism:

If there is no purpose to life in general, biological or human for that matter, the question arises whether there is meaning in our individual lives, and if it is not there already, whether we can put it there. One source of meaning on which many have relied is the intrinsic value, in particular the moral value, of human life.

People have also sought moral rules, codes, principles which are supposed to distinguish us from merely biological critters whose lives lack (as much) meaning or value (as ours).

Besides morality as a source of meaning, value, or purpose, people have looked to consciousness, introspection, self-knowledge as a source of insight into what makes us more than the merely physical facts about us. Scientism [the belief that science can answer all life's important questions] must reject all of these straws that people have grasped, and it’s not hard to show why.

Science has to be nihilistic about ethics and morality.

There is no room in a world where all the facts are fixed by physical facts for a set of free floating independently existing norms or values (or facts about them) that humans are uniquely equipped to discern and act upon.

So, if scientism is to ground the core morality that every one (save some psychopaths and sociopaths) endorses, as the right morality, it’s going to face a serious explanatory problem.

The only way all, or most, normal humans could have come to share a core morality is through selection on alternative moral codes or systems, a process that resulted in just one winning the evolutionary struggle and becoming “fixed” in the population.

If our universally shared moral core were both the one selected for and also the right moral core, then the correlation of being right and being selected for couldn’t be a coincidence.

Scientism doesn’t tolerate cosmic coincidences. Either our core morality is an adaptation because it is the right core morality or it’s the right core morality because it’s an adaptation, or it’s not right, but only feels right to us.

It’s easy to show that neither of the first two alternatives is right. Just because there is strong selection for a moral norm is no reason to think it right.

All this should be pretty disturbing to those atheists who want to hold on to moral obligation while denying any transcendent ground for it. It's also precisely correct given Rosenberg's atheistic starting point.

Thus far Rosenberg has drawn the proper conclusions from his naturalism, but then he says something odd. Having denied any ground for distinguishing between right and wrong, he says this:

This nihilistic blow is cushioned by the realization that Darwinian processes operating on our forbears in the main selected for niceness! The core morality of cooperation, reciprocity and even altruism that was selected for in the environment of hunter-gatherers and early agrarians, continues to dominate our lives and social institutions.

We may hope the environment of modern humans has not become different enough eventually to select against niceness. But we can’t invest our moral core with more meaning than this: it was a convenience, not for us as individuals, but for our genes.

There is no meaning to be found in that conclusion.

What does Rosenberg mean here by imposing a value on niceness, cooperation, and altruism? Would someone who was not nice or cooperative be wrong?

A naturalist like Rosenberg cannot say he would, nor do I think he would try to say that given that he has just asserted above that, "Just because there is strong selection for a moral norm is no reason to think it right."

Such judgments of moral value are completely unwarranted in a naturalistic worldview except as expressions of personal taste.

Even more problematic is his claim that evolution has selected "in the main" for niceness, etc. I doubt that this is at all correct. Certainly this claim runs counter to human experience. There's just as much meanness and cruelty in the world as there is niceness.

That being the case, evolution must have selected at least as much for meanness as for niceness, and an atheistic naturalist simply has no grounds for saying that one is right and the other is wrong.

The most he can say is that he likes one more than he likes the other, but right and wrong are not established by our likes and dislikes.

More tomorrow.

Understanding Naturalism (Pt.I)

My classes are talking this week about the view of the world philosophers call Naturalism, so I thought it'd be good to repost a three part series on Naturalism that I wrote for VP few years ago. Here's Part I of the series:

Alex Rosenberg is an atheistic naturalist, a philosopher who holds that nature is all there is, there is no supernature. Rosenberg explains in an essay titled The Disenchanted Naturalist's Guide to Reality to provide an overview of what it is that naturalists believe.

He begins with this preface:

This is a précis of an argument that naturalism forces upon us a very disillusioned “take” on reality.

It is one that most naturalists have sought to avoid, or at least qualify, reinterpret, or recast to avoid its harshest conclusions about the meaning of life, the nature of morality, the significance of our consciousness self-awareness, and the limits of human self-understanding.

Rosenberg wishes to draw "the full conclusion from a consistently atheistic position," as Sartre put it in describing existentialism.

He will have none of the namby-pamby naturalism of those atheists, like Hitchens and Dawkins, who think they can reject God and still cling to belief that life is meaningful, that morality exists, and that truth can be known.

Rosenberg's is a full-blooded naturalism that recognizes that all of those things are contingent upon the existence of a transcendent moral authority. His essay is a call to his fellow atheists to "man-up" and disabuse themselves of their comfortable illusions.

No God, he avers, means no genuine meaning to life, no non-arbitrary morality, and no objective truth.

He divides his essay into eight topics, some of which will be addressed here at Viewpoint over the next couple of days. His first topic is an explication of "scientism," a term that is in some disrepute but which Rosenberg wants to resuscitate. Here's an excerpt:

We all lie awake some nights asking questions about the universe, its meaning, our place in it, the meaning of life, and our lives, who we are, what we should do, as well as questions about god, free will, morality, mortality, the mind, emotions, love. These worries are a luxury compared to the ones most people on Earth address.

But they are persistent. And yet they all have simple answers, ones we can pretty well read off from science....Scientism is my label for what any one who takes science seriously should believe, and scientistic is just an in-your face adjective for accepting science’s description of the nature of reality.

You don’t have to be a scientist to be scientistic.

Scientism is the view that answers to all important questions can be provided through scientific investigation. This is because everything that exists is simply some combination of matter and energy [This is a view called materialism].

Since science investigates matter and energy it will eventually find the answers to all our questions.

If one embraces naturalism [the belief that nature is all there is] then one is likely also to embrace scientism.

Rosenberg's claim here that science can answer all the important questions is surely wrong. It can't, for example, answer, or even address, the question whether we have a soul, whether there's life after death, whether altruism is morally superior to selfishness, whether God exists, what truth is, or a host of other very important matters which human beings frequently ponder.

In the next topic, titled The Nature Of Reality? Just Ask Physics Rosenberg gives a pretty clear statement of what materialists believe about the world:

What is the world really like? It’s fermions and bosons [subatomic particles], and everything that can be made up of them, and nothing that can’t be made up of them. All the facts about fermions and bosons determine or “fix” all the other facts about reality and what exists in this universe or any other if ... there are other ones.

Ideas have consequences. If Rosenberg is right in saying that all that exists is matter, energy and the forces between them then several conclusions inevitably follow. Those conclusions are the topic of the remaining sections of his paper.

We'll reflect upon them over the next several days.

The Art of God

Dante Aligheri, the author of The Divine Comedy, wrote that "Nature is the art of God."

It's certainly true that there's an astonishing degree of beauty in the natural world. In fact, there's so much in nature that's gorgeous, from microscopic diatoms to the exapnse of the Milky Way, that one wonders how it is, if we're simply the product of an evolutionary process that fits us for survival, we would have evolved such a keenly sensitive aesthetic sense.

If we're the products of a purely material evolutionary process why do we appreciate beauty? After all, an appreciation of beauty is hardly necessary for an animal to survive and produce offspring, so where does it come from? How did it evolve through some unintentional, mindless process?

No one seems to know.

Indeed, the fact that we do have an appreciation of beauty, beauty that often takes our breath away, points us, perhaps, to Dante's artist.

Here's a short video whose theme is the quote from Dante and which illustrates the beauty of the earth as seen from space. The photography is spectacular, and as you watch, and as you marvel at the stunningly glorious scenes, you might reflect on how your sense of beauty could've ever come about solely through unguided collisions of atoms.

Even the most thoroughly secular folks among us should at least contemplate the possibility that there's so much beauty on earth because the earth was painted, so to speak, by an incredibly talented artist, and we were designed to be able to appreciate the artist's work.

Raising the Minimum Wage

Note: This post is a rerun of one originally written just before the Covid-19 pandemic devastated the restaurant industry, but it's still relevant today:

On Labor Day perhaps it's appropriate to revisit the debate over raising the minimum wage.

On the surface raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour seems like a simple solution to help unskilled, poorly educated workers struggling with poverty, but, like most simple solutions, raising the minimum wage has unintended consequences that hurt the very people it's supposed to help.

An article by Ellie Bufkin at The Federalist explains how raising the minimum wage has actually harmed many workers, especially in the restaurant industry.

New York state, for example passed a law several years ago requiring that businesses offer mandatory paid family leave and pay every employee at least $15 an hour, almost twice the previous rate. The results were predictable and indeed were predicted by many, but the predictions went unheeded by the liberal New York legislature.

Bufkin uses as an illustration a popular Union Square café called The Coffee Shop which is closing its doors in the wake of the new legislation. The Coffee Shop employs 150 people, pays a high rent and under the Affordable Care Act must provide health insurance.

Now that the owner must pay his employees twice what he had been paying them he can no longer afford to stay in business:

Seattle and San Francisco led New York only slightly in achieving a $15 per hour minimum pay rate, with predictably bad results for those they were intended to help.

As Erielle Davidson discussed in these pages last year, instead of increasing the livelihood of the lowest-paid employees, the rate increase forced many employers to terminate staff to stay afloat because it dramatically spiked the costs of operating a business.

Understaffed businesses face myriad other problems [in addition to] wage mandates. Training hours for unskilled labor must be limited or eliminated, overtime is out of the question, and the number of staff must be kept under 50 to avoid paying the high cost of a group health-care package. 

The end result is hurting the very people the public is promised these mandates will help.

Of all affected businesses, restaurants are at the greatest risk of losing their ability to operate under the strain of crushing financial demands. They run at the highest day-to-day operational costs of any business, partly because they must employ more people to run efficiently.

In cities like New York, Washington DC, and San Francisco, even a restaurant that has great visibility and lots of traffic cannot keep up with erratic rent increases and minimum wage doubling.

When the minimum wage for tipped workers was much lower, employees sourced most of their income from guest gratuities, so restaurants were able to staff more people and provided ample training to create a highly skilled team. The skills employees gained through training and experience then increased their value to bargain for future, better-paying jobs.

Some businesses will lay off workers, cut back on training, not hire new workers or shut down altogether. A Harvard study found that a $1 increase in the minimum wage leads to approximately a 4 to 10 percent increase in the likelihood of any given restaurant folding. 

How does this help anyone other than those who manage to survive the cuts? 

When these businesses, be they restaurants or whatever, close down it's often in communities which are "underserved" to start with, and the residents of those communities wind up being more underserved than they were before the minimum wage was raised.

Moreover, raising the minimum wage makes jobs heretofore filled by teenagers and people with weak qualifications more attractive to other applicants who are at least somewhat better qualified.

Workers who would've otherwise shunned a lower wage job will be hired at the expense of the poorly educated and unskilled, the very people who most need the job in the first place and who were supposed to be helped by raising the minimum wage.

Despite all this our politicians, at least some of them, still think raising the minimum wage is a social justice imperative, even if it hurts the people it's supposed to help.

Or perhaps the politicians know it's a bad idea, but they see advocating a mandatory increase in wages as a way to bamboozle the masses into thinking the politician deserves their vote.

Mr. Biden's Regrettable Speech

After serving up one of the most divisive, vitriolic, insulting and contradictory presidential speeches in the history of the Republic Thursday night, President Biden decided on Friday to start moonwalking away from it.

 
Here's part of Jim Geraghty's analysis of the speech at NRO:

Last night, President Biden delivered a prime-time address to the country from Independence Hall, warning that “Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic,” and then he talked about the importance of national unity and the need to “respect our legitimate political differences.”

One moment, Biden would warn that MAGA Republicans:

...promote authoritarian leaders, and they fan the flames of political violence that are a threat to our personal rights, to the pursuit of justice, to the rule of law, to the very soul of this country. . . .

[they’re] determined to take this country backwards — backwards to an America where there is no right to choose, no right to privacy, no right to contraception, no right to marry who you love.

The next moment, Biden would emphasize that, “I’m asking our nation to come together, to unite. . . . We, the people, will not let anyone or anything tear us apart.”

He warned that “MAGA Republicans” are “working right now, as I speak, in state after state to give power to decide elections in America to partisans and cronies, empowering election deniers to undermine democracy itself. . . .

MAGA Republicans have made their choice. They embrace anger. They thrive on chaos. They live not in the light of truth but in the shadow of lies.”

Then, after warning that “MAGA Republicans” represented this dire and worsening threat and that “equality and democracy are under assault,” Biden further denounced them for being too dark and pessimistic in their vision of America: “MAGA Republicans look at America and see carnage and darkness and despair. They spread fear and lies — lies told for profit and power.”

Check the link for more of Geraghty's analysis.

One problem with the president's speech that Geraghty doesn't touch on is Mr. Biden's fondness for the term "MAGA Republican." Exactly who are these nefarious individuals out to destroy our country?

Is anyone who voted for Donald Trump a "MAGA Republican" or do only those who wear the hat qualify?

Is a MAGA Republican anyone who wants to Make America Great Again?

Shouldn't that include everyone in the country? Or is it only Republicans who want America to return to the principles that made it a shining city on a hill for millions of the world's tired, hungry and poor?

The President was asked the next day to clarify exactly who he was referring to in such vitriolic terms, terms that implicitly invite violence (If someone is a threat to our nation, after all, then the more unstable of our fellow citizens will think that sufficient reason to take up arms against them).

His response was unfortunately no more lucid than his earlier remarks.

Reporter Peter Doocy asked the president, "Do you consider all Trump supporters to be a threat to the country?" To which the president replied,

"I don't consider any Trump supporter to be a threat. I do think anyone who calls for the use of violence and fails to condemn violence when it's used, refuse to acknowledge an election has been won... That is a threat to democracy."

Not only is that a shameless bit of prevarication, not only does it plainly contradict what he said Thursday night, but it also impugns fellow Democrats like Stacey Abrams and Hillary Clinton, both of whom failed to acknowledge that they had been defeated in their most recent elections.

In any case, Friday's "clarification" is simply false. Here's what the president said Thursday night:

Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic.

Now, I want to be very clear — very clear up front: Not every Republican, not even the majority of Republicans, are MAGA Republicans. Not every Republican embraces their extreme ideology.

I know because I’ve been able to work with these mainstream Republicans.

But there is no question that the Republican Party today is dominated, driven, and intimidated by Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans, and that is a threat to this country.

Mr. Biden told Doocy that he doesn't consider "any Trump supporter" to be a threat after having insisted to the nation that the "MAGA Republicans," whoever they are, "represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic."

He even tweeted it, or somebody in his administration did:

"Donald Trump and MAGA Republicans are a threat to the very soul of this country."

Surely, "MAGA" Republicans, whatever else they are, are supporters of Donald Trump, and while Mr. Biden might not wish to lump all Republicans into his "basket of deplorables" he should be apprised of the fact that Mr. Trump received more votes in the last election than any other candidate in history, save Mr. Biden himself.

In other words, a vast swath of Americans supported Mr. Trump and still do. Mr. Biden has declared them to be almost terrorists.

Mr. Biden won the presidency in 2020 largely because voters believed him when he said he was going to unite the country. However, his inauguration was the high-water mark of unity.

Since then his rhetoric has been more divisive, perhaps, than that of any president in our history. Certainly it's been more divisive than that of any president since the Civil War.

Whatever his intentions may be, the practical effect of Mr. Biden's rhetoric is tearing us apart. We might wish he would just stop it.

Nietzsche and Aristotle

Most ethical systems in our contemporary world can probably be subsumed under the names of either Aristotle or Nietzsche.

Aristotle thought that human beings had a telos. There was something that man was for, a purpose or an end, for which he was on the earth. Virtuous acts were those which help men achieve their telos. 

The good life was a life which conformed to the cardinal virtues - prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice - which were objectively right to live by.

Nietzsche, on the other hand, denied that there was any overarching purpose to being human and thus there was no objective moral right or wrong. Morality was all a matter of perspective.

It's a matter of how we see things, a matter of individual subjective preference.

Thus, the ubermensch or overman creates his own values. He rejects the "slave moralities" of theism and embraces the "master morality" of the Promethean man.

This is what makes men great, and great men define their own good.

Neither Aristotle nor Nietzsche believed in the existence of a personal moral law-giver, a fact which makes for an odd state of affairs.

Aristotle's telos makes no sense unless the purpose or end of mankind is somehow conferred upon man by a transcendent moral authority. Otherwise, where would such a purpose come from?

But if there's no personal law-giver or telos-giver then neither humanity nor individual men have any purpose, and the "virtues" are just arbitrary conventions.

Nietzsche is right that in the absence of a transcendent, personal law-giver what constitutes a virtue is just a subjective choice.

On Nietzsche's subjectivism the virtues extolled by the Nazis are no more wrong nor right than those embraced by St. Francis of Assisi. They're just different.

If theism is correct, however, if there actually is a God who creates man and endows him with a telos then the moral law and the classical virtues really are objective and obligatory.

So, the way the theist sees it, Aristotle, by denying a transcendent, personal God, was inconsistent but nevertheless right about there being objective moral duties, and the atheist Nietzsche was consistent but wrong in his denial of objective moral right and wrong.

Will Science Survive Postmodernism?

This is the question Denyse O'Leary addresses in a column at Evolution News a few years ago. Here are a few excerpts from her answer:

The intellectual costs of metaphysical naturalism are rising rapidly.

Traditional “modern science” naturalists viewed supernaturalism as the chief danger to science. To permanently exclude the supernatural, post-modern naturalists have gone well beyond their forebears. They have thrown away reason, which is problematic because reason points to a truth outside nature. They have reinvented reason as an evolved illusion rather than a guide to truth.

And, in a cruel but inevitable irony, they liberated superstition from modern science’s jail.

For those who believe in it, reason has always provided a check on superstition. But post-moderns, who dismiss reason as a form of oppression and evidence as unnecessary to high science, cannot simply dismiss such fields as astrology and witchcraft. If everyone’s truth is as true as everyone else’s truth, scientists must lobby for their truths as an interest group in a frenzied market.

The populations most affected by post-modernism tend to be more superstitious than those that resist post-modernism. They are also much more likely to dismiss academic freedom. Contemporary science conflicts are beginning to reflect these shifts....

We hear that objectivity is “cultural discrimination” (or sexist), Newtonian physics is exploitative, mathematics is a “dehumanizing tool” (if not white privilege), and algebra creates hurdles for disadvantaged groups. And mavericks in science are a problem because they tend to be wealthy, white, and male....

We might have guessed blindly that post-modernism (anything goes!) would lead to more academic freedom. So why is it not working out that way? The problem is that post-modernism is not about freedom as such. It is the assertion that there is no truth to be sought, no facts to be found that are true for everyone. Everyone is entitled to feel as they wish.

There's more at the link, but here's her point: If there's no truth to be found through a reasoned exchange of ideas, if indeed the very idea of objective truth is an anachronism, if one's truth is merely what one feels strongly, if truth is defined as whatever works to help one group achieve its goals and purposes, then rational debate is just a waste of time.

So is any recourse to objective evidence and facts to support one's claims. One side must simply impose its ideas on all others by dint of intimidation and the exercise of raw political power. Might makes right.

In the late Medieval period whoever ruled the land determined the religion his subjects would follow. That principle, stated in Latin as cuius regio, eius religio (Whose region, his religion) in the post-modern era could be stated as cuius regio, eius scientia.

In such an intellectual climate science is no longer about discovering truth about the world, rather it's little more than a species of ideological politics.

In an environment hostile to open-minded inquiry, an environment deeply contrary to that which nurtured science from the 17th century through most of the 20th, science cannot thrive. And if science withers, so, too, will technological advance.

Unless we get over our post-modern aversion to objective truth we may well find that we're living during the high water mark of scientific discovery and progress, and the marvelous tide that has made our lives so much healthier and more comfortable than those lived by our ancestors may soon begin to drain away.

Matthew Arnold's famous poem Dover Beach described the ebb of religious faith, but what he says about religion in the modern age may be just as apt for "The sea of science" in the post-modern era:

The Sea of Faith
Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore
Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.
But now I only hear
Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,
Retreating, to the breath
Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear
And naked shingles of the world.

The Dehumanization of Women

A few days ago I did a post titled How the Sexual Revolution Harms Women. As a companion piece, so to speak, I thought I'd rerun another post from a few years ago on a related topic:

Opening the newspaper we're often confronted with what seems to be an epidemic of mistreatment of women. Stories of a campus rape culture, spousal abuse, and other examples of terrible violence perpetrated against women seem to abound, and the question this all raises is "why?".

Why do more men today, more than in previous generations, seem to hold women in such low esteem? Why are women so much more likely to be objectified today than in our grandparents' day?

I think a strong case can be made for the claim that the problem is a result of the moral revolution that took place in the 1960s and '70s concerning our attitudes toward sex and violence.

During those decades pornography was mainstreamed and with the advent of the internet it became easily accessible to adolescents. Three generations of young men have thus been raised on ubiquitous pornographic images.

This has likely had several undesirable effects.

First, it has desensitized men to sexual stimuli. A hundred years ago a glimpse of a woman's lower leg was stimulating. It no longer is because now there's much more to be seen anywhere one looks than merely a shapely ankle.

Consequently, men require stronger and stronger stimuli in order to achieve the same level of arousal as someone who's not exposed to the constant barrage of sexual images.

Because of this need for ever more erotic stimuli many men want their women to be like the women they encounter in movies, magazines, and online - they want their women to be sexually voracious playthings, and that desire often has a dehumanizing effect on women. A lot of women simply don't feel comfortable in that role, and that incompatibility can create tension in their relationships.

The man feels cheated, the woman feels cheapened and trouble results.

At the same time that pornography exploded, sex was disconnected from marriage and commitment. Many women were perfectly willing to live with men and give them all the benefits of marriage without demanding from them any kind of permanent commitment.

This suited many men just fine. When men could have sex without having to bond themselves to a woman, women were more likely to be objectified and used by men who reasoned that there was no sense in "buying a cow as long as the milk was free."

People who give us what we want may be popular as long as the benefits keep coming, but they're not respected. Respect may be feigned, of course, as long as the benefit is imminent but when the benefit no longer seems all that novel or exciting a diminution of respect often follows and results in the woman being treated accordingly.

Men are naturally promiscuous, they have to be taught to subordinate their natural impulses and to value hearth and family, but our entire culture has conspired in the last seventy years to minimize and deride that lesson.

So, when many a modern man, unfettered by any profound commitment to a particular woman and children, grows accustomed to the woman he's with she may begin to bore him, and it won't be long before his eye is cast elsewhere in search of another potential source of sexual excitement.

Along with the decline of traditional sexual morality in the 60s and 70s was the emergence of a radical feminism that castigated the old Victorian habits of gentlemanly behavior. It became quaint, even insulting, for a man to give a woman his seat on a bus or to open a door for her.

Men who had been raised to put women on a pedestal - to care for them, provide for them, and protect them - were told they were no longer necessary for a woman's happiness. In Gloria Steinem's famous phrase "a woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle."

The more vocal feminists also made it clear that women no longer appreciated being treated differently than men. Thus our entertainment culture began depicting women in movies as just as raunchy, coarse, and proficient at killing and mayhem as men, and the idea of a woman being an object of special respect and courtesy because she needed male protection and care became risible.

This, too, dehumanized women by eroding the esteem in which their gender had formerly been held among men.

As with sex so with violence. The inclination to violence in the male population follows a Bell curve distribution. At some point along the tail there is a line to the left of which lies the segment of the population which represents men who are violent. Most men sublimate and control their natural inclination to violence, but when they are exposed to it over and over as young men, when they amuse themselves with violent movies and video games, when they immerse themselves in violent imagery and themes, they become desensitized to it and tolerant of it.

When they're no longer horrified by violence the population of males undergoes a shift toward that line, spilling many more men onto the other side than would have been there otherwise.

This affects women as much as men, if not moreso, because women are often the victims of male violence. As men become more inclined to violence, as they lose respect for women, as our culture portrays women as sexually insatiable playthings, women become increasingly the victims of male lust, anger and aggression.

It would be well for any young woman who is beginning to get serious about a young man to find out how much of his time he spends on violent movies and computer games and what he thinks about pornography. She'll learn a lot of very valuable information about him if she does.

No Plan, No Clue

People are being hurt by the decisions being made in Washington and it needs to be pointed out how unnecessary and poorly thought-out some, if not many, of those decisions are. The student loan bailout is an example.

Axios tells us that,

The implementation of President Biden's widespread, income-targeted student loan forgiveness is shaping up to be a bureaucratic challenge for the Department of Education.

The agency doesn't have income data for most of the 43 million Americans eligible for forgiveness, meaning around 35 million people — including Pell Grant recipients — will have to attest that they makes less than $125,000 per year and apply for relief.

The White House doesn't know exactly how many eligible borrowers will actually end up applying for loan forgiveness — or how much it will cost.

The Education Department hasn't yet released the website where people can apply for loan forgiveness by attesting that they meet the income requirement — and it's still unclear when that will be released.

More importantly: When will borrowers actually see the relief? "That's the million-dollar question," Education Secretary Miguel Cardona told NPR Wednesday. "It's really important that folks know that we're also improving a system that was broken and that was antiquated," he added.

How it'll work: The approximately 8 million qualifying borrowers for whom the agency already has income information will get automatic debt relief. For everyone else: The White House is asking them to sign up for updates from the Education Department to receive further info on how to apply.

But, but, but: Experts caution that the agency may not be equipped to accomplish such a massive undertaking. "It's an understaffed and overcommitted organization," Charlie Eaton, a UC Merced associate professor of sociology and student loan expert, tells Axios.

The rub: The Biden administration says the loan payment moratorium will end in January — and for that to happen "it's going to be really important borrowers have actually had a chance to declare their eligibility for loan forgiveness," Eaton says.

"Even if borrowers complete online attestations of their income and the online system works, the loan servicers will then need adequate time to adjust every borrower's balance and new payment levels," he adds.

Education Department officials didn't respond to requests for comment.

Meanwhile: Some Americans simply won't engage with the government website — and they may slip through the cracks and never get the relief they're entitled to, says Bryce McKibben, former senior policy adviser to Sen. Patty Murray (D-Wash.) on the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee.

"It should be a relatively simple application, but that doesn't mean people won't struggle with it," said McKibben, who is now senior director of policy & advocacy with the Hope Center at Temple University.

"It is probably going to take years to fully process all of the cancellations for every single person who's eligible ... and even then, we will still miss some people," he added.

The looming onslaught of relief applicants comes as the agency is also tasked with implementing the $32 billion in targeted loan discharges it previously announced. Those include programs for borrowers who were defrauded by their colleges, borrowers with disabilities and public servants, in addition to the income-driven repayment programs.

The bottom line: "It's just a massive amount of change and stress on the student loan system all happening at once," says McKibben.

In addition to all this, it's extremely doubtful that Mr. Biden has the constitutional authority to decree that the government will pay students' loans for them. Only the legislature can do this, so a court challenge will introduce a lot of uncertainty into the system since people working on the loans won't know if all their work will be overturned by the courts.

The Wharton School of Business calculates that the loan bailout could cost as much as $1 trillion and cost each taxpayer - including those who never went to college, or who worked their way through college to graduate debt-free, or who incurred debt which they conscientiously paid off - approximately $2000.

It's especially galling to many of these taxpayers who make less than six figures that debtors whose family income is as high as $250,000 are eligible to have their loans paid for by much less affluent taxpayers as illustrated by this television ad from the American Action Network:

As one meme making the rounds on the internet has it: "If your college degree doesn't have enough value for you to pay it off, it certainly doesn't have enough value for me to pay it off." It's also frustrating to read that President Biden was advised against his plan by Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen but yielded to the lobbying efforts of his vice-president Kamala Harris and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer.

He ignored the advice of an advisor who understands the financial complexities involved in what he's doing and listened to two people who have no expertise at all in economics.

In other words, Mr. Biden's Student Loan Forgiveness plan is in some ways the domestic policy equivalent of his impetuous and disastrous Afghanistan pullout.

Why Do Conservatives Tend to Be Happier?

When I was in college back in the 60s some of my profs, who were men of the left, repeatedly insinuated that to be a conservative was to be mean-spirited, ungenerous, bigoted and miserable. In the years since a number of sociologists decided to test this intuition, and to the surprise of many, perhaps, it turned out to be baseless.

In fact, the opposite is true. The misery, studies show, is largely on the left.

An article by Ross Pomeroy at Real Clear Science gives us the details:

It may be one of the most surefire findings in all of social psychology, repeatedly replicated over almost five decades of study: American conservatives say they are much happier than American liberals. They also report greater meaning and purpose in their lives, and higher overall life satisfaction.

So, why is this? How do social scientists explain it?

There are a couple clear contributors to point out first. Marriage tends to make people happier, and conservatives are more likely to be married. Religious belief is also linked to happiness, and conservatives tend to be more religious.

Social psychologist Jaime Napier, Program Head of Psychology at NYU-Abu Dhabi has conducted research suggesting that views about inequality play a role.

"One of the biggest correlates with happiness in our surveys was the belief of a meritocracy, which is the belief that anybody who works hard can make it," she told PBS.

"That was the biggest predictor of happiness. That was also one of the biggest predictors of political ideology. So, the conservatives were much higher on these meritocratic beliefs than liberals were."

To paraphrase, conservatives are less concerned with equality of outcomes and more with equality of opportunity. While American liberals are depressed by inequalities in society, conservatives are okay with them provided that everyone has roughly the same opportunities to succeed.

The latter is a more rosy and empowering view than the deterministic former.

But there's more:

Two other studies explored a more surprising contributor: neuroticism, typically defined as "a tendency toward anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and other negative feelings." Surveyed conservatives consistently score lower in neuroticism than surveyed liberals.

As a friend of mine pointed out, conservatives are not nearly as neurotic about a climate apocalypse or "masking" as are liberals. Nor do they think that Donald Trump, with all his manifold flaws, is the antichrist.

Pomeroy continues:

In 2011, psychologists at the University of Florida and the University of Toronto conducted four studies, aiming to find whether conservatives are more "positively adjusted" than liberals.

They found that conservatives "expressed greater personal agency, more positive outlook, more transcendent moral beliefs, and a generalized belief in fairness" compared to liberals.

They added:

The portrait of conservatives that emerges is different from the view that conservatives are generally fearful, low in self-esteem, and rationalize away social inequality. Conservatives are more satisfied with their lives, in general... report better mental health and fewer mental and emotional problems (all after controlling for age, sex, income, and education), and view social justice in ways that are consistent with binding moral foundations, such as by emphasizing personal agency and equity.

Liberals have become less happy over the last several decades, but this decline is associated with increasingly secular attitudes and actions.

Anecdotally, I've also found that conservatives are much more likely to indulge in self-deprecating humor than are liberals. I've known very few liberals who could laugh at their own personal foibles or who would get angry if it were suggested that they had any.

In fact, for not a few, their laughter was usually derisive and directed at others with whom they felt contempt.

It might be added here that contempt for others is unfortunately a common human trait, but it seems, in my experience, at least, to be particularly so among those on the left.

In 2014 then Democratic governor of New York, Mario Cuomo told conservative Republicans – specifically anyone who is pro-traditional marriage, pro-life or pro-guns – they “have no place in the state of New York".

In 2016 Democrat candidate for president Hillary Clinton famously called Donald Trump supporters "deplorables."

The current governor of New York, Democrat Kathy Hochul, recently encouraged Republicans to “Just jump on a bus and head down to Florida where you belong, OK?” she said. “You are not New Yorkers," and Florida gubernatorial candidate Charlie Crist implied that those who support his opponent Ron DeSantis are haters and that he didn't want their vote.

It's not hard to imagine Donald Trump talking about his political opponents like this, but then that's why so many consider Trump and the words he employs to be despicable. It's no less despicable when it comes from the left.

John Fetterman and Women's Choices

What should we think of a politician who adamantly refuses to support helping poor families send their children to decent schools but who sends his own children to one of the best private schools in the state? What word best describes such a politico? "Confused"? "Inconsistent"? "Ironic"? "Hypocritical"?

Trying to come up with the kindest and yet most accurate word is not easy, but it's the challenge that faces anyone who reads this article in the Washington Free Beacon on Democratic senatorial candidate John Fetterman whom we talked about in yesterday's post.

The article, by Chuck Ross, begins with this:

Pennsylvania Senate hopeful John Fetterman (D.) opposes vouchers that let children in failing public school districts attend private and charter schools. But the progressive champion, who lives in one of Pennsylvania’s worst performing school districts, sends his kids to an elite prep school.

Fetterman’s kids attend the Winchester Thurston School in Pittsburgh, where parents pay up to $34,250 for a "dynamic" learning environment and an "innovative" approach to teaching.

They would otherwise go to schools in Woodland Hills School District, where graduation rates are far below the state average. The local elementary school that serves Fetterman’s town of Braddock is in the bottom 15 percent of the state in academic performance....

[Fetterman] has ... called for increased funding for public schools, though by sending his kids to private school he is diverting funds from Woodland Hills under a state funding formula that awards money to districts based on enrollment.

Fetterman’s children will likely benefit academically from attending Winchester Thurston, though they will be deprived of the racial diversity Fetterman claims to embrace. Woodland Hills is 62 percent black and 25 percent white. Just 36 percent of Winchester Thurston’s students are minorities, though the school has a fully staffed "equity and inclusion" office.

Winchester Thurston has a 100 percent college acceptance rate, and an average SAT score of 1330, well above state averages. Woodland Hills, the district the Fetterman kids would otherwise attend, has just an 85 percent high school graduation rate, far below the state average. Woodland Hills has a 75 percent minority student body.

David P. Hardy, a distinguished senior fellow at the Commonwealth Foundation and co-founder of Boys’ Latin of Philadelphia charter school notes that, "Fetterman could send his kids to [Woodland Hills], but he's got money, so he can send them somewhere else, but the poor people there are stuck going to those schools, and he doesn't give them any way out."

Opposition to vouchers and indeed to any alternative to public schools is opposed by teacher's unions and the Democrat party, both of which claim to be champions of the poor, yet most poor people, and most Americans in general, support school choice:

Fifty-eight percent of Americans—and 69 percent of black voters—say they support vouchers, which have been linked to higher graduation rates. The Pennsylvania State Education Association endorsed Fetterman earlier this year, lauding him for "oppos[ing] tuition voucher programs."

Fetterman touted the union’s endorsement, saying he is "a proud product of Pennsylvania public schools."

The union in April blasted a Republican effort to provide vouchers for families in districts in the bottom 15 percent of the state. The voucher program would benefit students in districts like Woodland Hills, which has three elementary schools that fit that criteria.

Fetterman is certainly not alone among Democrats who oppose school choice but who send their own children to private schools. The Obamas did it, the Clintons did it, the Bidens did it and so did the Pelosis, just to name a few:

Rep. Elaine Luria (D., Va.) has spoken out against school vouchers and charter schools but sent her daughter to a private middle school and served on the board of a private high school, the Washington Free Beacon reported.

House candidate Christina Bohannan (D., Iowa) has criticized school choice while sending her daughter to a private school so she could receive a "personalized education."

It's ironic that Democrats are committed to making sure that women be given the choice to kill their children in the womb and will subsidize both the procedure that does so and any travel expenses the woman incurs. But they will not lift a finger to help poor and middle class women have the choice to send their children to schools where they can actually learn something.

Maybe another question Mr. Fetterman should be required to answer in the current senatorial campaign, in addition to the questions suggested in yesterday's post is, why does he support a woman's right to choose to abort her child's life, but not a woman's right to choose where to send her child to school?

Would John Fetterman Make a Good Senator?

Some very important elections are scheduled in the U.S. this November. Among the most important are elections in several states for the office of United States Senator, and one of the most critical of those elections is the one in Pennsylvania which pits the current Lieutenant Governor, Democrat John Fetterman, against Republican Mehmet Oz.

It's possible that the party which controls the Senate going forward will hinge on who wins this election in PA.

Oz is a very accomplished medical doctor but has been a rather lackluster campaigner so far. He's also something of a carpetbagger, having moved to PA from New Jersey in order to run for the Senate.

Fetterman, on the other hand, has adopted the Biden strategy of campaigning hardly at all, which is probably smart because the last thing he needs is for people to start asking him questions about his record.

The most impressive thing about Mr. Fetterman is his size (6'8", 300+ lbs.). After that one looks in vain to find anything which commends him to a voter looking for some indication of achievement.

Consider this from The Washington Free Beacon:

As mayor of Braddock, Pa., [Braddock has a population of 2000 so being elected mayor is no great accomplishment] Senate hopeful John Fetterman (D.) ordered a police officer to dig up dirt on one of his political rivals, according to a town solicitor whom Fetterman later fired.

In a heated 2009 mayoral campaign, Braddock solicitor Lawrence Shields accused Fetterman of "abuse of your mayoral authority" for ordering a Braddock cop to obtain a police report from a 2004 domestic incident involving Fetterman’s challenger, Jayme Cox.

Braddock city council members called for Fetterman’s arrest for violating state laws regarding the handling of criminal information in cases where charges are dropped.

Three years later, Fetterman cast the tie-breaking vote—his only vote in 13 years as Braddock mayor—to fire Shields as solicitor, purportedly to save money in the borough’s budget.

Fetterman said he was an "enthusiastic yes" in favor of ousting Shields.

The incident is another black mark on Fetterman’s tenure as mayor of the dilapidated steel town, which the progressive candidate has touted on the campaign trail as evidence of his blue collar bona fides.

Fetterman admitted to asking a police officer for the report on Cox and discussing it with others. But he denied pressuring the officer to dig up the information and said it was necessary to inform voters about Cox, who had charges dropped after taking a domestic abuse class.

Fetterman also faced allegations from city officials of failing to perform his duties as mayor.

He missed more than one-third of council meetings during his tenure, the Free Beacon reported. Jesse Brown, the president of the city council when Fetterman was in office, said he "should have been at all council meetings" but stopped showing up after multiple confrontations over his official duties.

One of the most damaging facts in Mr. Fetterman's record is an incident that occurred in 2013 that has resonances with the Ahmaud Aubery killing:

In 2013, Fetterman pointed a shotgun at an unarmed black jogger he wrongly suspected of firing a gun near his house. The jogger, Christopher Miyares, said Fetterman aimed a shotgun at his chest. Fetterman admitted in a television interview that he "may have broken the law," but he has refused to apologize for the incident.

At The Daily Wire, Ben Shapiro calls Fetterman a "Professionally Useless Person," by which he means that he's managed to rise to prominence without ever having had a real job or actually done much of anything:

Fetterman served as the mayor of Braddock — an impoverished city of fewer than 2,000 people — for more than a decade on a salary of $1,800 because his parents gave him an allowance of tens of thousands of dollars per year. Meanwhile, his sister allowed him to rent an apartment virtually for free.

It's also worthy of note that Mr. Fetterman is an enthusiastic supporter of Senator Bernie Sanders and his socialist policies:

“In 2016, Fetterman signed a pledge to support the so-called 'Keep It in the Ground Act,' which was designed to ban new oil, gas, and coal leasing on federal land,” Shapiro said.

“He has pushed repeatedly for pardons or commutations for violent felons. He said Pennsylvania could release one-third of its inmates and be just as safe.”

Indeed, Fetterman has repeatedly nodded to drug decriminalization and monitored injection sites, as well as defended Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner, who is currently under investigation from Republican and Democratic members of the Pennsylvania House for failing to enforce the city’s laws.

Shortly before his primary, Mr. Fetterman suffered a stroke which causes him to slur his speech, repeat himself and makes it difficult for him to maintain his train of thought. This probably accounts for why he only rarely does public appearances.

His campaign has produced several ads mocking Oz, fairly, for being a New Jersey resident who moved to Pennsylvania for the senate race, but he himself is vulnerable to the charge of hypocrisy, having taken "a vacation to the Jersey Shore — security team in tow — all while telling Americans to continue locking down,” Shapiro observed.

At the moment Fetterman is polling four points ahead of Oz, which is within the margin of error, but it'll be interesting to see whether that lead holds up once facts about his record, or lack thereof, become more widely known.

One thing that might close the gap would be Mr. Fetterman's response were he forced to answer five questions:

• Mr. Fetterman, do you believe men can get pregnant?
• Can you tell us what a woman is?
• Do you believe biological males should be allowed to compete against females in women's sports?
• If that black jogger you once held at gunpoint had decided to ignore you and keep on jogging, what would you have done?
• Would you have threatened him with that shotgun were he a white jogger?

The first three questions would force him to choose between his progressive social positions and the convictions of a majority of PA voters. The last two questions would make his action appear to have been clearly motivated by racial prejudice.

The Multiverse and the God of the Gaps

One criticism of Intelligent Design (ID) theory (the theory that the universe and life were engineered by an intelligent agent or mind) is that it's a "God-of-the-Gaps" hypothesis. This is a derisive criticism of any theory that purports to use God as an explanation for any gap in our knowledge of how something happened.

For instance, we have no idea how life could have started, so, the criticism goes, ID theorists conclude it must have been started by God.

This is, however, a caricature of ID which is based not on what we don't know but on what we do know. We know, for example, that information wherever we encounter it, in books, on signs, in signals, in codes, on DVDs, wherever, is always the product of intelligent minds. We also know that information is never produced by random, mindless processes like wind or gravity or chemical reactions.

Thus, the most plausible explanation for the information in the first living cell, the information encoded on its replication machinery, is that it was the product of a mind. This is not claiming to be a proof but rather an inference to the most likely explanation.

One place scientists encounter an extraordinary indication that a mind has been at work is the astonishing fine-tuning of the forces and constants that make up the fabric of the universe. If any of dozens, perhaps hundreds, of these parameters had deviated from its actual value by incredibly tiny amounts (like one part in 10^120) either the universe wouldn't exist or no higher life forms could arise or survive in it.

In order to avoid the conclusion that this breathtaking evidence of design is really not a result of an intentional agent some scientists have proposed the multiverse hypothesis. This idea posits the existence of an infinity of universes, all different, and all isolated from each other (Picture a vast bubble bath where each bubble is a discrete universe).

In such a multitude of different universes every possible universe will exist, just like if you were dealt an infinite number of poker hands you're bound to be dealt a royal flush at some point.*

Since our universe is certainly a possible universe, our universe, as improbable as it is, as astonishingly fine-tuned as it is, must exist, and we just happen to inhabit it.

So what are we to think of these ideas? In this short video, scientist and philosopher Kirk Durston suggests that the answer to that question is, "not much." Check it out:

*Actually if you're dealt an infinite number of hands then you'd be dealt an infinity of royal flushes, but let's not get bogged down in the arcana of infinity.

How The Sexual Revolution Harms Women

U.K. journalist Louise Perry, author of the forthcoming The Case Against the Sexual Revolution, has a piece in the Wall Street Journal that should be read by every young woman and maybe every young man, too.

Unfortunately, The WSJ requires a subscription to read most of their content, but sometimes they allow a few articles to be accessed for free.

In any case, I've highlighted several of the more important parts of her column which is titled, "How the Sexual Revolution Has Hurt Women." Ms.Perry writes:

Critics of free-market capitalism have observed that the pleasures of freedom are not equally available to all....the group of people who have done particularly well from the free-marketization of sex are men high in the personality trait that psychologists call “sociosexuality”: the desire for sexual variety.

The standard questionnaire used by researchers to assess sociosexuality asks respondents how many different partners they have had sex with in the past 12 months, how many partners they have had sex with on only one occasion, and how often they have spontaneous fantasies about having sex with someone they just met, among other questions.

Men, on average, prefer to have more sex and with a larger number of partners, while the vast majority of women, if given the option, prefer a committed relationship to casual sex. Sex buyers are almost exclusively male, and men watch a lot more pornography than women do.

Men and women also differ dramatically in their baseline levels of sexual disgust, with women much more likely to be revolted by the prospect of someone they find unattractive.

Disgust induces a physiological response that can be measured through heart and respiration rate, blood pressure and salivation, although the individual may not be aware of these indicators, and studies find that, on average, the sexual disgust threshold is much lower for women than it is for men.

Being groped in a crowd, or leered at while traveling alone, or propositioned a little too forcefully in a bar—all of these situations can provoke this horrible emotion.

It is an emotion that women in the sex industry are forced to repress. In fact, as the prostitution survivor Rachel Moran has written, the ability not to cry or vomit in response to sexual fear and disgust is one of the essential “skills” demanded by the industry.

It is crucial to remember that the sociosexuality difference between the sexes is an average one: There are some women who are exceptionally high in sociosexuality, and there are some men who are low in it.

Much of this is well-known, of course, although many feminists have tried to gloss over the differences and portray women as just as "sociosexual" as men. One tragic result is the "hookup" culture:

In the West, hookup culture is normative among adolescents and young adults. Although it is possible for young women to opt out, research suggests that only a minority do.

Absent some kind of religious commitment, this is now the “normal” route presented to girls as they become sexually active. And hookup culture demands that women suppress their natural instincts in order to match male sexuality and thus meet the male demand for no-strings sex.

In a sexual marketplace in which such a culture prevails, a woman who refuses to participate puts herself at a disadvantage. As one group of researchers put it, “some individual women may be capitulating to men’s preferences for casual sexual encounters because, if they do not, someone else will.”

Yet studies consistently find that following hookups, women are more likely than men to experience regret, low self-esteem and mental distress. Female pleasure is rare during casual sex....Instead, a lot of women seem to be having unpleasant sex out of a sense of obligation.

If you’re a young woman launched into a sexual culture that is fundamentally not geared toward protecting your safety or well-being, in which you are considered valuable only in a very narrow, physical sense, and if your basic options seem to be either hooking up or celibacy, then a comforting myth of “agency” can be attractive.

But this myth depends on naiveté about the nature of male sexuality. Too many young women today ignore the fact that men are generally much better suited to emotionless sex and find it much easier to regard their sexual partners as disposable.

Too many fail to recognize that being desired by men is not at all the same thing as being held in high esteem.

It isn’t nice to think of oneself as disposable or to acknowledge that other people view you that way. It’s easier to turn away from any acknowledgment of what is really going on, at least temporarily.

I’ve spoken to many women who participated in hookup culture when they were young and years later came to realize just how unhappy it made them. As one friend put it, “I told myself so many lies, so many lies."

If you’re a woman who’s had casual sexual relationships with men in the past, you might try answering the following questions as honestly as you can: Did you consider your virginity to be an embarrassing burden you wanted to be rid of? Do you ever feel disgusted when you think about consensual sexual experiences you’ve had in the past?

Have you ever become emotionally attached to a casual sexual partner and concealed this attachment from him? Have you ever done something sexually that you found painful or unpleasant and concealed this discomfort from your partner, either during sex or afterward?

If you answer “no” to all of these questions, your high sociosexuality and good luck have allowed you to navigate successfully a treacherous sexual marketplace. But if you answer “yes” to any of them, you are entitled to feel angry at a sexual culture that set you up to fail.

If men and women are psychologically the same why do so many women feel guilt and so few men do? Why do women often feel uised and men rarely do? It seems that women have much to lose in the "hookup" culture and nothing much to gain.

Today’s sexual culture however, prefers to understand people as freewheeling, atomized individuals, all looking out for number one and all up for a good time. It assumes that if all sexual taboos were removed, we would all be liberated and capable of making entirely free choices about our sexual lives, sampling from a menu of delightful options made newly available by the sexual revolution.

In fact, our choices are severely constrained, because we are impressionable creatures who absorb the values and ideas of our surrounding culture. If I am, for instance, a young female student looking for a boyfriend at my 21st-century university, and I don’t want to have sex before marriage, then I will find my options limited in a way that they wouldn’t have been in 1950.

The revolution in sexuality has put young women in a very difficult spot:

When sex before marriage is expected, and when almost all of the other women participating in my particular sexual market are willing to have sex on a first or second date, then not being willing to do the same becomes a competitive disadvantage.

The abstinent young woman must either be tremendously attractive, in order to out-compete her more permissive peers, or she must be content to restrict her dating pool to those men who are as unusual as she is. Being eccentric carries costs.

So who are the winners in all this? It's certainly not young women.

It's a biological fact that, on average, men are innately more promiscuous than women. Men must be taught from the time they're young, preferably by their father, to value one woman above others, to value their children and to value their home.

Women, on the other hand, must be taught that if they want their man to suppress his innate desire to wander she must show him that she values him as a man, a provider and a protector.

None of that is easy in a culture in which so many children grow up fatherless, surrounded by sexual stimuli and voices telling them that "women need a man like a fish needs a bicycle," but it's the most reliable way for women, men and children to achieve happiness and self-respect.

Ms. Perry concludes with this:

The word “chivalry” is now deeply unfashionable, but it describes something of what we need.

As the feminist theorist Mary Harrington writes: “‘Chivalrous’ social codes that encourage male protectiveness toward women are routinely read from an egalitarian perspective as condescending and sexist.

But…the cross-culturally well-documented greater male physical strength and propensity for violence makes such codes of chivalry overwhelmingly advantageous to women, and their abolition in the name of feminism deeply unwise.”

Sam Harris' Dreadful Argument

Sam Harris, author of The Moral Landscape, among other works, has caused a minor kerfuffle for essentially exclaiming on a recent podcast that virtually any act of deception or, if we're to follow his logic to its conclusion, any act at all, is justified if it keeps Donald Trump from being re-elected president:

Podcast host Sam Harris raised eyebrows on Twitter this week for saying that he believes the danger posed to "democracy" by former President Trump is so much greater than any potential corruption involving the Biden family that: "Hunter Biden literally could have had the corpses of children in his basement, I would not have cared."

Trump poses such a grave threat to the nation that all the rules of fairness and justice must be suspended to stop him. All the institutions, like the FBI and the media, must sacrifice whatever's left of their reputations and integrity in order to deceive the American public into opposing this man.

Harris also suggested that the peril a second Trump presidency poses to our democracy is analogous to an asteroid about to strike the earth: "If there was an asteroid hurdling [sic] towards Earth, and we got in a room together with all our friends about what we could do to deflect the course -- is that a conspiracy?"

From the link:

[Donald Trump is] unfit for office in every possible way. It is not that he has just got a few screws loose, every screw is loose. Every screw you would want totally cranked down is loose or nonexistent in him.

So yes, that's my argument. My argument is that it was appropriate for Twitter and the heads of big tech and the head of journalistic organizations to feel like they were in the presence of something like a once-in-a-lifetime moral emergency, right?

This is not the same thing as not liking George W. Bush or not liking John McCain or not liking Mitt Romney for their politics. Here's a guy who is capable of anything, right? He's not ideological, but he is a black hole of selfishness, so there's no telling what he is going to do, and we can not afford to have four more years with this guy.

So what should well-intentioned people do who have a lot of power in these ways? If you're running the New York Times, CNN, or Twitter? Should they conspire to do that under these conditions?

Harris insists that the Hunter Biden laptop, despite what it tells us about the corruption of the Biden family, including the president, is not at all a concern of his compared to the horror of re-electing Trump:

"Listen, I don't care what's in Hunter Biden's laptop, I mean, at that point, Hunter Biden literally could have had the corpses of children in his basement, I would not have cared," he declared.

"Whatever scope of Joe Biden's corruption is, if we could just go down that rabbit hole endlessly and understand that he's getting kickbacks from Hunter Biden's deals in Ukraine or wherever else, right, or China, it is infinitesimal compared to the corruption we know Trump is involved in," Harris explained.

For Harris, who's a moral utilitarian, the ends justify the means, and the end of keeping Donald Trump out of the White House apparently justifies any means, no matter how devastating they may be to our polity in the long run.

There are a few things to say about this.

First of all Harris' position is absurd, especially so for one who has written books on morality. If any means are justified would Mr. Harris condone assassination if that were the only way to prevent a second Trump term?

I'm sure he would deny condoning killing the man, but what non-arbitrary grounds has he left himself for doing so? The moral legitimacy of assassination certainly follows from what he stated in his podcast.

Secondly, he claims that Mr. Trump's corruption is beyond the pale, but does he know something that most of us don't? He mentions Trump University which is surely egregious, but is it worse for our national security and economic well-being than being in the pay of the communist Chinese as Hunter informs us his father was?

It's not clear what other corruption Trump is guilty of that would warrant the comparison to an earth-bound asteroid. He's been impeached twice and vindicated both times. The January 6th committee is striving to find something, anything, that he can be indicted on, but so far the most their investigations have revealed is that Mr. Trump is an odious, irresponsible narcissist.

These are unpleasant character traits, to be sure, but they're not criminal, nor do they come as news to anybody who's been paying attention for the last five years.

Lastly, utilitarians like Mr. Harris insist that the right act is the act which produces the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness, but despite its popularity, this is a bankrupt ethics. His podcast illustrates one reason why.

In order to assess which act will produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness one has to know all the facts about a matter, including what the eventual consequences of an act will be. Does Mr. Harris know what will be the long term consequences to American democracy if we prostitute and pervert our institutions in order to prevent Mr. Trump's re-election?

Does he know for a fact that we'd all be better off if the media, congress and the FBI lied, perjured themselves, libeled and prosecuted innocent people, as they've already done, in order to prevent Mr. Trump's return to the White House?

I feel safe in saying that the answer to these questions is an obvious "No, Mr. Harris has no idea what the consequences would be."

Thinking such as that offered us by Mr. Harris is itself extremely dangerous to a democracy, which relies on trust between a people and their government. When trust is gone a democracy will unravel and there's precious little trust left now as it is.

Sadly, Mr. Harris and those who agree with him are willing to obliterate what little there is left.

Did the Big Bang Really Not Happen?

There's a fascinating article at iai News by cosmologist Eric Lerner in which Lerner argues that the James Webb telescope is confirming the hypothesis that the Big Bang theory of cosmogenesis is wrong.

There's a lot to the article and anyone interested in how the universe began should read the whole thing, but Lerner opens with this:

To everyone who sees them, the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) images of the cosmos are beautifully awe-inspiring. But to most professional astronomers and cosmologists, they are also extremely surprising—not at all what was predicted by theory.

In the flood of technical astronomical papers published online since July 12, the authors report again and again that the images show surprisingly many galaxies, galaxies that are surprisingly smooth, surprisingly small and surprisingly old. Lots of surprises, and not necessarily pleasant ones.

One paper’s title begins with the candid exclamation: “Panic!”

Why do the JWST’s images inspire panic among cosmologists? And what theory’s predictions are they contradicting? The ...hypothesis that the JWST’s images are blatantly and repeatedly contradicting is the Big Bang Hypothesis that the universe began 14 billion years ago in an incredibly hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since.

Since that hypothesis has been defended for decades as unquestionable truth by the vast majority of cosmological theorists, the new data is causing these theorists to panic. “Right now I find myself lying awake at three in the morning,” says Alison Kirkpatrick, an astronomer at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, “and wondering if everything I’ve done is wrong.”

Big Bang cosmologists are having sleepless nights because, as Lerner pointed out, the images of galaxies that the Webb telescope are sending back are showing that the galaxies are too small, too smooth and too old for the Big Bang to have occurred.

But why does their size, smoothness and age preclude the Big Bang? Lerner explains:

Let’s begin with “too small”. If the universe is expanding, a strange optical illusion must exist. Galaxies (or any other objects) in expanding space do not continue to look smaller and smaller with increasing distance.

Beyond a certain point, they start looking larger and larger. (This is because their light is supposed to have left them when they were closer to us.)

In other words, since we're seeing them as they were billions of years ago when, if space is expanding, they were closer to us, they should appear larger just as objects do when they're closer than when they're further away.

But they don't appear larger, they appear smaller just as would be expected if space were not expanding.

Smaller and smaller is exactly what the JWST images show.

....This is not at all what is expected with an expanding universe....Put another way, the galaxies that the JWST shows are just the same size as the galaxies near to us, if it is assumed that the universe is not expanding and redshift is proportional to distance.

Lerner explains this in more detail in the article, but what does smoothness have to do with this? Big Bang theorists speculated that many galaxies have actually grown over time due to collisions with other galaxies, but the smoothness revealed by the Webb telescope seems to rule this out:

....theorists have speculated that the tiny galaxies grow up into present day galaxies by colliding with each other—merging to become more spread out.....[and] Big Bang theorists did expect to see badly mangled galaxies scrambled by many collisions or mergers.

What the JWST actually showed [however] was overwhelmingly smooth disks and neat spiral forms, just as we see in today’s galaxies....In plain language, this data utterly destroys the merger theory.

....Tiny and smooth galaxies mean no expansion and thus no Big Bang.

If the universe is not expanding then there was no initial Big Bang.

The age of the galaxies seen by Webb is also a problem for the standard big bang model of the origin of the universe:

According to Big Bang theory, the most distant galaxies in the JWST images are seen as they were only 400-500 million years after the origin of the universe. Yet already some of the galaxies have shown stellar populations that are over a billion years old.

Since nothing could have originated before the Big Bang, the existence of these galaxies demonstrates that the Big Bang did not occur.

Lerner also cites the sheer number of very distant galaxies which must've formed impossibly early after the initial cosmic expansion as evidence that the Big Bang never happened:

Just as there must be no galaxies older than the Big Bang, if the Big Bang hypothesis were valid, so theorists expected that as the JWST looked out further in space and back in time, there would be fewer and fewer galaxies and eventually none—a Dark Age in the cosmos.

But a paper to be published in Nature demonstrates that galaxies as massive as the Milky Way are common even a few hundred million years after the hypothesized Bang.

The authors state that the new images show that there are at least 100,000 times as many galaxies as theorists predicted at redshifts more than 10. There is no way that so many large galaxies can be generated in so little time, so again-- no Big Bang.

There's more to Lerner's argument at the link - he argues, for example, that, based on the published literature, right now the Big Bang makes 16 wrong predictions and only one right one - but one of the most interesting aspects of the piece is the reaction to the scientific establishment at having one of its most cherished theories challenged.

Lerner discusses the censorship and suppression of ideas which conflict with the standard explanations of the origin of the cosmos and his account sounds very similar to what those who challenge the evolutionary paradigm of the origin of life experience.

Perhaps the scientific establishment feels the earth moving under their feet. Not only is it cosmologists who are experiencing panic and sleepless nights, but so too may many Darwinians in various scientific disciplines be experiencing the high anxiety that accompanies the horrible realization that one's entire life's work was all wrong and a complete waste.